Misogyny: Difference between revisions

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==Female Genital Mutilation==

[[Female Genital Mutilation]] (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." FGM is practiced as a cultural ritual by ethnic groups in 27 countries in sub-Saharan and Northeast Africa, and to a lesser extent in Asia, the Middle East and within immigrant communities elsewhere. '''It is typically carried out, with or without anesthesia, by a traditional circumciser using a knife or razor. The age of the girls varies from weeks after birth to puberty;''' in half the countries for which figures were available in 2013, most girls were cut before the age of five. Around 125 million women and girls in Africa and the Middle East have undergone FGM. Over eight million have experienced Type III, which is most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan. The practice is an ethnic marker, rooted in gender inequality, ideas about purity, modesty and aesthetics, religious beliefs and attempts to control women's sexuality. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation FGM Wikipedia]</ref>

==Manusmriti Ideology and Patriarchal Domination==

The Manusmṛti (Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति), also known as the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra or the Laws of Manu, is one of the many legal texts and constitutions among the many Dharmaśāstras of Hinduism. The Manusmriti (also known as Manava Dharma-shastra) is an ancient Sanskrit text that outlines the social, moral, and legal duties of Hindus. Composed roughly two thousand years ago, it lays down detailed rules about duty, caste, kingship, and family life. Among its most debated prescriptions are those concerning women. ''The text presents women as beings who must remain under male guardianship at every stage of life, whose virtue must be guarded, and whose conduct is tied directly to the stability of the entire social order.'' Understanding these prescriptions is essential for any student of political thought, because they reveal how a religious-legal code steeped in manusmriti ideological beliefs are used to organize power, labor, and gender within a hierarchical society without western value systems that protect personal liberties granted to women and girls.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti wiki]</ref>

* The Role of Women in Manusmriti follow three stages of male guardianship. The structure of control follows the natural stages of a woman’s life:

* Under the father: From birth until marriage, a daughter is expected to obey her father, who controls her upbringing, her conduct, and the decision of when and to whom she will be married.

* Under the husband: After marriage, authority passes to the husband. The wife’s primary duty becomes service and loyalty to him.

* Under the son: In old age or widowhood, a woman is placed under the protection of her sons, who become responsible for her support and her conduct.

* The ideal wife: cheerful, efficient, and loyal Beyond guardianship, the Manusmriti sets out a detailed code of conduct for the married woman. She is expected to maintain a cheerful disposition, manage the household efficiently, and remain devoted to her husband. The home is her sphere, and her competence within it is treated as a virtue that brings prosperity to the family.The text states that women should not act independently even within the household, and that in childhood, youth, or old age, a woman should do nothing on her own without the consent of a male relative. Perhaps the most striking demand is that a wife must remain loyal and devoted to her husband no matter what kind of man he is. The Manusmriti instructs that a husband may be lacking in virtue or devoid of good qualities, and yet the wife must constantly honour and serve him. The wife’s duty is unconditional; the husband’s worthiness is irrelevant to it.<ref>[https://polsci.institute/indian-political-thought-l/role-of-women-in-manusmriti/ Pol.sci Institute]</ref> .

==References==

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[[Female Genital Mutilation]]

[[~~Misandry~~]]

[[Patriarchal Domination]]

[[Human Rights]]

[[Cosmic Manu]]

[[Michael-Mary Reversal]]

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 ==Female Genital Mutilation==
 [[Female Genital Mutilation]] (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." FGM is practiced as a cultural ritual by ethnic groups in 27 countries in sub-Saharan and Northeast Africa, and to a lesser extent in Asia, the Middle East and within immigrant communities elsewhere. '''It is typically carried out, with or without anesthesia, by a traditional circumciser using a knife or razor. The age of the girls varies from weeks after birth to puberty;''' in half the countries for which figures were available in 2013, most girls were cut before the age of five. Around 125 million women and girls in Africa and the Middle East have undergone FGM. Over eight million have experienced Type III, which is most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan. The practice is an ethnic marker, rooted in gender inequality, ideas about purity, modesty and aesthetics, religious beliefs and attempts to control women's sexuality. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation  FGM Wikipedia]</ref>
+==Manusmriti Ideology and Patriarchal Domination==
+The Manusmṛti (Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति), also known as the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra or the Laws of Manu, is one of the many legal texts and constitutions among the many Dharmaśāstras of Hinduism. The Manusmriti (also known as Manava Dharma-shastra) is an ancient Sanskrit text that outlines the social, moral, and legal duties of Hindus. Composed roughly two thousand years ago, it lays down detailed rules about duty, caste, kingship, and family life. Among its most debated prescriptions are those concerning women. ''The text presents women as beings who must remain under male guardianship at every stage of life, whose virtue must be guarded, and whose conduct is tied directly to the stability of the entire social order.'' Understanding these prescriptions is essential for any student of political thought, because they reveal how a religious-legal code steeped in manusmriti ideological beliefs are used to organize power, labor, and gender within a hierarchical society without western value systems that protect personal liberties granted to women and girls.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti wiki]</ref>
+* The Role of Women in Manusmriti follow three stages of male guardianship. The structure of control follows the natural stages of a woman’s life:
+* Under the father: From birth until marriage, a daughter is expected to obey her father, who controls her upbringing, her conduct, and the decision of when and to whom she will be married.
+* Under the husband: After marriage, authority passes to the husband. The wife’s primary duty becomes service and loyalty to him.
+* Under the son: In old age or widowhood, a woman is placed under the protection of her sons, who become responsible for her support and her conduct.
+* The ideal wife: cheerful, efficient, and loyal Beyond guardianship, the Manusmriti sets out a detailed code of conduct for the married woman. She is expected to maintain a cheerful disposition, manage the household efficiently, and remain devoted to her husband. The home is her sphere, and her competence within it is treated as a virtue that brings prosperity to the family.The text states that women should not act independently even within the household, and that in childhood, youth, or old age, a woman should  do nothing on her own without the consent of a male relative. Perhaps the most striking demand is that a wife must remain loyal and devoted to her husband no matter what kind of man he is. The Manusmriti instructs that a husband may be  lacking in virtue or devoid of good qualities, and yet the wife must constantly honour and serve him. The wife’s duty is unconditional; the husband’s worthiness is irrelevant to it.<ref>[https://polsci.institute/indian-political-thought-l/role-of-women-in-manusmriti/ Pol.sci Institute]</ref> .
 ==References==
@@ Line 111: / Line 120: @@
 [[Female Genital Mutilation]]
-[[Misandry]]
+[[Patriarchal Domination]]
+[[Human Rights]]
+[[Cosmic Manu]]
 [[Michael-Mary Reversal]]