Black Sea - Revision history

Lisa at 07:05, 3 May 2023

2023-05-03T07:05:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:05, 3 May 2023
Line 15:		Line 15:

	Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark colour of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern (red) seas, pointing to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC), although Turkic peoples also marked the directions with colours.		Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark colour of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern (red) seas, pointing to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC), although Turkic peoples also marked the directions with colours.


			==References==

			<references/>

			==See Also==


			[[Hibiru-Aryan Christos Templars]]

			[[Confrontation in Carpathian]]

			[[Cosmic Christos Zarathustra]]

			[[Category: Newsletter]]
			[[Category: Ascension]]

Lisa at 07:04, 3 May 2023

2023-05-03T07:04:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:04, 3 May 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	===Historical names and etymology===		===Historical names and etymology===
			[[File:Black Sea coast of Georgia (country), with skyline of Batumi on the horizon.jpg\|thumb\| Black Sea coast of Georgia, overlooking the skyline of Batumi <ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_(country),_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg]</ref>]]

	The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak, on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>		The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak, on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>

	Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark colour of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern (red) seas, pointing to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC), although Turkic peoples also marked the directions with colours.		Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark colour of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern (red) seas, pointing to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC), although Turkic peoples also marked the directions with colours.

Lisa at 07:02, 3 May 2023

2023-05-03T07:02:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:02, 3 May 2023
Line 11:		Line 11:
	===Historical names and etymology===		===Historical names and etymology===
	The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak, on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>		The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak, on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>

			Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark colour of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern (red) seas, pointing to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC), although Turkic peoples also marked the directions with colours.

Lisa: /* Historical names and etymology */

2023-05-03T07:00:51Z

Historical names and etymology

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:00, 3 May 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	===Historical names and etymology===		===Historical names and etymology===
	The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern ~~[[Kızılırmak River\|~~Kızıl Irmak]], on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>		The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak, on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>

Lisa: /* Historical names and etymology */

2023-05-03T07:00:33Z

Historical names and etymology

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:00, 3 May 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	===Historical names and etymology===		===Historical names and etymology===
	The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the [[Hittites]]. The Hattic city of ~~[[Zalpuwa\|~~Zalpa]] was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern [[Kızılırmak River\|Kızıl Irmak]], on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>		The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern [[Kızılırmak River\|Kızıl Irmak]], on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>

	The principal [[Greek language\|Greek]] name ''Póntos Áxeinos'' is generally accepted to be a rendering of the [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] word {{lang\|ira\|*axšaina-}} ("dark coloured").{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}} Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as {{lang\|grc-Latn\|Á-xe(i)nos}}, identified with the Greek word {{lang\|grc-Latn\|áxeinos}} (inhospitable).{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}} The name {{lang\|grc\|Πόντος Ἄξεινος}} {{transliteration\|grc\|ISO\|''Póntos Áxeinos''}} (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in [[Pindar]] ({{circa\|475 BC}}), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, {{lang\|grc\|Εὔξεινος Πόντος}} {{transliteration\|grc\|ISO\|''Eúxeinos Póntos''}} (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name {{lang\|grc-Latn\|Póntos Áxeinos}} remained favoured.{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}}

Lisa: /* Historical names and etymology */

2023-05-03T06:59:55Z

Historical names and etymology

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:59, 3 May 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	===Historical names and etymology===		===Historical names and etymology===
	The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the [[Hattians]]<ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the [[Hittites]]. The Hattic city of [[Zalpuwa\|Zalpa]] was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern [[Kızılırmak River\|Kızıl Irmak]], on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>		The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians <ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the [[Hittites]]. The Hattic city of [[Zalpuwa\|Zalpa]] was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern [[Kızılırmak River\|Kızıl Irmak]], on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>

	The principal [[Greek language\|Greek]] name ''Póntos Áxeinos'' is generally accepted to be a rendering of the [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] word {{lang\|ira\|*axšaina-}} ("dark coloured").{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}} Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as {{lang\|grc-Latn\|Á-xe(i)nos}}, identified with the Greek word {{lang\|grc-Latn\|áxeinos}} (inhospitable).{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}} The name {{lang\|grc\|Πόντος Ἄξεινος}} {{transliteration\|grc\|ISO\|''Póntos Áxeinos''}} (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in [[Pindar]] ({{circa\|475 BC}}), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, {{lang\|grc\|Εὔξεινος Πόντος}} {{transliteration\|grc\|ISO\|''Eúxeinos Póntos''}} (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name {{lang\|grc-Latn\|Póntos Áxeinos}} remained favoured.{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}}		The principal [[Greek language\|Greek]] name ''Póntos Áxeinos'' is generally accepted to be a rendering of the [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] word {{lang\|ira\|*axšaina-}} ("dark coloured").{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}} Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as {{lang\|grc-Latn\|Á-xe(i)nos}}, identified with the Greek word {{lang\|grc-Latn\|áxeinos}} (inhospitable).{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}} The name {{lang\|grc\|Πόντος Ἄξεινος}} {{transliteration\|grc\|ISO\|''Póntos Áxeinos''}} (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in [[Pindar]] ({{circa\|475 BC}}), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, {{lang\|grc\|Εὔξεινος Πόντος}} {{transliteration\|grc\|ISO\|''Eúxeinos Póntos''}} (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name {{lang\|grc-Latn\|Póntos Áxeinos}} remained favoured.{{sfn\|Schmitt\|1989\|pages=310–313}}

Lisa: Created page with "A map showing the location of the Black Sea and some of the large or prominent ports around it. The Sea of Azov and Sea of Marmara are also labelled.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map.png The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria..."

2023-05-03T06:59:28Z

Created page with "thumb|A map showing the location of the Black Sea and some of the large or prominent ports around it. The Sea of Azov and Sea of Marmara are also labelled.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map.png</ref> The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria..."

New page

[[File:Black Sea map.png|thumb|A map showing the location of the Black Sea and some of the large or prominent ports around it. The Sea of Azov and Sea of Marmara are also labelled.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map.png</ref>]]

The [[Black Sea]] is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its drainage basin includes parts of 24 countries in Europe.

The Black Sea covers 436,400 km2 (168,500 sq mi) (not including the Sea of Azov), has a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft), and a volume of 547,000 km3 (131,000 cu mi). Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the Pontic Mountains to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas, the Caucasus Mountains to the east, and the Crimean Mountains to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small floodplains below foothills such as the Strandzha; Cape Emine, a dwindling of the east end of the Balkan Mountains; and the Dobruja Plateau considerably farther north. The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi). Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from the Bosporus) Burgas, Varna, Constanța, Odesa, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk, Sochi, Batumi, Trabzon and Samsun.

The Black Sea ultimately drains into the Mediterranean Sea, via the Turkish Straits and the Aegean Sea. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the Dardanelles. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait.

The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in the water level in the basin, the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical water levels, connections with surrounding water bodies can become established. It is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the world ocean. The Black Sea undersea river is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the seabed of the Black Sea, the first of its kind discovered.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea Black Sea]</ref>

===Historical names and etymology===
The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the [[Hattians]]<ref>The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ Google Books]</ref> and their conquerors the [[Hittites]]. The Hattic city of [[Zalpuwa|Zalpa]] was “situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern [[Kızılırmak River|Kızıl Irmak]], on the Black Sea coast.”<ref>Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ Google Books].</ref>

The principal [[Greek language|Greek]] name ''Póntos Áxeinos'' is generally accepted to be a rendering of the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] word {{lang|ira|*axšaina-}} ("dark coloured").{{sfn|Schmitt|1989|pages=310–313}} Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as {{lang|grc-Latn|Á-xe(i)nos}}, identified with the Greek word {{lang|grc-Latn|áxeinos}} (inhospitable).{{sfn|Schmitt|1989|pages=310–313}} The name {{lang|grc|Πόντος Ἄξεινος}} {{transliteration|grc|ISO|''Póntos Áxeinos''}} (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in [[Pindar]] ({{circa|475 BC}}), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, {{lang|grc|Εὔξεινος Πόντος}} {{transliteration|grc|ISO|''Eúxeinos Póntos''}} (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name {{lang|grc-Latn|Póntos Áxeinos}} remained favoured.{{sfn|Schmitt|1989|pages=310–313}}